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Life sciences

Albert Günther

Anglo-German zoologist (1830–1914)

Albrecht von Graefe

German ophthalmologist

Albrecht von Haller

Swiss anatomist, physiologist, naturalist and poet (1708-1777)

Alexander Fleming

Scottish physician and microbiologist (1881–1955)

Alexander S. Wiener

American hematologist (1907-1976)

Alexandre Yersin

Swiss-born French physician and microbiologist

French surgeon and biologist (1873–1944)

Alfred Russel Wallace

English naturalist (1823–1913)

American physician and toxicologist (1869–1970)

British epidemiologist

French barber surgeon

American physiologist

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish anatomist, physician and author (1514–1564)

American immunologist (born 1940)

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Dutch tradesman and scientist

Armen Takhtajan

Soviet-Armenian botanist (1910-2009)

Arthur Smith Woodward

English paleontologist (1864-1944)

August Weismann

German evolutionary biologist (1834–1914)

Austin Bradford Hill

English epidemiologist and statistician (1897–1991)

Barbara McClintock

American scientist and cytogeneticist (1902–1992)

Australian physician

American neurosurgeon and 17th US Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

American pediatrician and writer (1903–1998)

Bernard Peyrilhe

French chemist and oncologist

Bernardino Ramazzini

Italian malariologist

Australian permaculturist

C. Everett Koop

American pediatric surgeon and public health administrator (1916–2013)

Caldwell Esselstyn

American physician

American taxidermist, sculptor, biologist, conservationist, inventor, nature photographer (1864–1926)

German zoologist (1852–1914)

Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist

Carolus Clusius

Flemish botanist (1526–1609)

Scottish physician, painter and theologian (1774–1842)

English naturalist and biologist

Charles R. Drew

American surgeon and medical researcher (1904–1950)

Charles Thomas Jackson

Christiaan Barnard

South-African cardiac surgeon

Christian Wilhelm Braune

German anatomist

19th-century French physiologist

Swiss physician, bibliographer and naturalist (1516–1565)

American biotechnologist and businessman

19th-century American physician

David Goodall (botanist)

Botanist and ecologist

Congolese gynecologist, Nobel laureate

Dmitri Ivanovsky

Russian Botanist (1864–1920)

19th-century American social reformer

American biologist and author

American dentist

Edward Drinker Cope

American paleontologist and biologist

English physician, scientist and pioneer of vaccination

Élie Metchnikoff

19th and 20th-century Russian and French immunologist, embryologist, biologist, and Nobel laureat

Elizabeth Kenny

Australian nurse

American biochemist (1879–1967)

Emil du Bois-Reymond

German physician and physiologist (1818-1896)

Emil von Behring

German physiologist (1854–1917)

Ephraim McDowell

American physician (1771–1830)

Swedish botanist (1757-1819)

American neurosurgeon (1879–1958)

German biologist, philosopher, physician, and artist

German-American evolutionary biologist (1904–2005)

Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire

French naturalist who established the principle of "unity of composition" (1772-1844)

Eugenius Warming

Danish botanist (1841–1924)

Félix d'Hérelle

French microbiologist

German biologist (1828–1898)

Florence Nightingale

English founder of modern nursing (1820–1910)

Italian entomologist and poet

Francis Collins

American physician-scientist (born 1950)

British physicist, molecular biologist; co-discoverer of the structure of DNA

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi

French virologist and Nobel laureate (born 1947)

Frank Gotch (physician)

American physician

Frank Pantridge

Northern Irish cardiologist and inventor (1916–2004)

New Zealand-Australian ophthalmologist

G. Evelyn Hutchinson

British ecologist (1903–1991).

Gabriele Falloppio

Italian anatomist (1523-1562)

George Albert Boulenger

Belgian-British zoologist (1858–1937), member of the Accademia delle Scienze di Torino from 1900

American abortion provider (1941–2009)

George Washington Carver

American botanist and inventor

French naturalist, zoologist and paleontologist

German bacteriologist (1895–1964)

Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus

German biologist (1776-1837)

Greene Vardiman Black

American dentistry academic

Silesian scientist and Augustinian friar

Guy de Chauliac

French surgeon (ca. 1300-1368)

Hanaoka Seishū

Japanese surgeon of the Edo period

Austrian physician (1906–1980)

Hans Krebs (biochemist)

British biochemist

Harald zur Hausen

German virologist and professor emeritus (born 1936)

New Zealand plastic surgeon (1882–1960)

American neurosurgeon (1869–1939)

Chinese scientist (born 1984)

Herbert Needleman

American psychiatrist and lead researcher

Hermann Joseph Muller

American biologist

Japanese bacteriologist

Hieronymus Fabricius

Italian physician, anatomist and surgeon (1533–1619)

Howard Atwood Kelly

American academic and gynecologist

Australian pathologist (1898–1968)

Chinese physician (c. 140–208)

Hubertus Strughold

German scientist and perpetrator of Nazi-sponsored medical torture; participant in Operation Paperclip

Hugh Owen Thomas

Ian Clunies Ross

Australian scientist

Ignaz Semmelweis

Early pioneer of antiseptic procedures

J. B. S. Haldane

Geneticist and evolutionary biologist

American physician and gynecologist (1813-1883)

James Bond (ornithologist)

American ornithologist and inspiration for the name of the fictional spy

Scottish physician

American molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist

Jan Evangelista Purkyně

Czech scientist (1787–1869)

Dutch entomologist and beekeeper

English primatologist and anthropologist

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

18th and 19th-century French naturalist

Jean-Martin Charcot

French neurologist

Jérôme Lejeune

French pediatrician and geneticist

Joan Beauchamp Procter

British zoologist

Johan Christian Fabricius

Danish zoologist (1745–1808)

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

18th and 19th-century German physiologist and anthropologist

Johann Jakob Heckel

Austrian taxidermist, zoologist, and ichthyologist (1790-1857)

John Hancock (ornithologist)

English naturalist, ornithologist, taxidermist and landscape architect (1808-1890)

John Harvey Kellogg

American physician, inventor, and businessman

John Hunter (surgeon)

British surgeon (1752–1802)

John James Audubon

American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter

British naturalist (1627–1705), known for his work on plant classification

John Scott Haldane

British physiologist and decompression researcher (1860–1936)

English epidemiologist and physician

British physiologist

Johnny Appleseed

American pioneer nurseryman

20th-century American virologist; inventor of the polio vaccine

Nazi SS doctor at Auschwitz (1911–1979)

English naturalist and botanist

Joseph Dalton Hooker

British botanist and explorer (1817–1911)

19th and 20th-century British surgeon and antiseptic pioneer

Karl Ernst von Baer

Baltic German scientist (1792–1876)

Karl Landsteiner

Jewish-Austrian biologist, physician and Nobel Prize laureate

Karl von Frisch

German-Austrian ethologist (1886–1892)

Kitasato Shibasaburō

Japanese bacteriologist, immunologist

Austrian zoologist

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Italian priest, biologist and physiologist

Chinese polymath and scientist (1517–1593)

Chinese physician who raised awareness about COVID-19 outbreak

German naturalist (1779-1851)

Swiss-American naturalist (1807–1873)

French chemist, pharmacist and microbiologist (1822–1895)

French virologist and Nobel Laureate

Ludolph Christian Treviranus

German botanist (1779-1864)

Italian physician, physicist, and philosopher

American botanist, horticulturist, pioneer in agricultural science and eugenicist

American evolutionary biologist

Macfarlane Burnet

Australian virologist (1899–1985)

Marcello Malpighi

Italian physician (1628-1694)

Marguerite Davis

American chemist

Martinus Beijerinck

Dutch microbiologist (1851–1931)

Maurice Hilleman

American vaccinologist

Michael DeBakey

American cardiac and vascular surgeon and innovator

Michael M. C. Lai

Taiwanese virologist (born 1942)

Michael Servetus

16th-century Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer and Renaissance humanist

Japanese biologist

Population geneticist

Niall Ó Glacáin

Irish physician (c. 1563 – 1653)

Nikolaas Tinbergen

Dutch Zoologist, ethologist (1907-1988)

Nikolai Vavilov

Russian botanist and geneticist

Agronomist and biologist

British neurologist and writer

Othniel Charles Marsh

American paleontologist (1831-1899)

Otto Heinrich Warburg

German physiologist and Nobel laureate (1883–1970)

Swiss physician, philosopher, theologian, and alchemist (c. 1493 – 1541)

Paul R. Ehrlich

American biologist

Swedish zoologist (1705-1735)

Austrian physician (1924-2003)

Philip Henry Gosse

English naturalist

Philip J. Landrigan

American epidemiologist

Pierre Fauchard

French dentist (1679–1761)

American marine biologist and conservationist

Theologian and physician; (1620-1704)

René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur

French scientist

French physician (1781–1826)

Richard Dawkins

English ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and author

British physician and epidemiologist

English biologist and paleontologist (1804–1892)

Robert A. Kehoe

American occupational medicine specialist who advocated the use of tetraethyllead in gasoline

Robert Atkins (physician)

American physician

Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)

Scottish botanist (1773–1858)

Robert Knox (surgeon)

Scottish physician, anatomist, geologist and ethnologist (1791–1862)

19/20th-century German physician and bacteriologist

Endocrinologist, professor

American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist

Robert Whittaker (ecologist)

American ecologist (1920–1980)

Rosalind Franklin

British X-ray crystallographer (1920–1958)

Rudolf Leuckart

German zoologist (1822-1898)

American horticulturist (1895-1950)

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Spanish neuroscientist, pathologist, and histologist specializing in neuroanatomy and the central nervous system

Japanese microbiologist and war criminal, director of Unit 731

British scientist (1677-1761)

Stephen Jay Gould

American biologist and historian of science (1941–2002)

Ancient Indian Physician, Father of surgery

T. Berry Brazelton

American pediatrician

Takeshi Hirayama

Japanese epidemiologist and physician (1923-1995)

American doctor of veterinary science, author, and autism activist

Theodor Schwann

German physiologist (1810–1882)

Theodosius Dobzhansky

Russian-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist (1900–1975)

Thomas Henry Huxley

English biologist and comparative anatomist

Thomas Hunt Morgan

American biologist (1866–1945)

American coroner

American physician, researcher, and expert on organ transplants

Thomas Sydenham

English physician (1624–1689)

Soviet pseudoscientist

Victor A. McKusick

American internist and medical geneticist (1921-2008)

Australian cardiac surgeon

British evolutionary biologist (1936–2000)

Walter Jackson Freeman II

American neurologist (1895-1972)

William Bateson

British geneticist who recognized the importance of the rediscovery of Mendel's work

Australian agronomist and plant breeder

William H. Welch

American physician and scientist

English physician

William Kirby (entomologist)

English entomologist (1759–1850)

Canadian physician and co-founder of Johns Hopkins Hospital

William Stewart Halsted

American surgeon

William T. G. Morton

American dentist and physician

Malayan physician (1879–1960)